The prebiotics concept was introduced for initially in 1995 by Glenn Gibson and Marcel Roberfroid. Prebiotic was described as “a non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the expansion and/or activity of 1 or a limited number of bacteria within the colon, and thus improves host health”. This definition was unchanged for quite 15 years. consistent with this definition, only a couple of compounds of the carbohydrate group, like short and long chain β-fructans [FOS and inulin], lactulose, and GOS, are often classified as prebiotics. In 2008, the 6th Meeting of the International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotic defined “dietary prebiotics” as “a selectively fermented ingredient that leads to specific changes within the composition and/or activity of the gastrointestinal microbiota, thus conferring benefits upon host health”.

The basic criteria for selection of prebiotics are

• Resistance to digestion
• Hydrolysis and fermentation by colon microflora
• Selective stimulation of growth of one or limited number of bacteria
• Beneficial health effects to the host.

Boost the digestive health, supports the immune system, reduce inflammation and symptoms of sensitive abdomen health, increase the absorption of calcium to enhance bone density, boost the overall health and immunity.

The microbiome consists of microbes that are both beneficial as well as potentially harmful. In a healthy body, pathogenic and symbiotic microbiota coexists. But if there is any disturbance in that balance due to infection, diet and antibiotics, body become more susceptible to diseases.

Microbiota stimulates the immune system and breakdown potentially toxic food compounds and synthesizes certain vitamins and amino acids, including the B vitamins and vitamin K. The microbiota of a healthy person will also provide protection from pathogenic organisms that enter the body such as through drinking or eating contaminated water or food.

Prebiotics feed our beneficial microbiota. Although there are supplements containing prebiotic fibers, many healthy foods naturally contain prebiotics. The highest amounts are found in raw garlic, onions, leeks, asparagus, Jerusalem artichokes, dandelion greens, bananas, and seaweed.

For successful delivery of probiotic benefits to the consumer, several criteria must be met. For manufacturing, an intricate production process is required that ensures both high yield and stability and must also be able to meet requirements such as the absence of specific allergens, which require some obvious culture media ingredients. Reproducibility is important to ensure constant high performance and quality. To ensure this, quality control throughout the whole production process, from raw materials to the final product, is essential, as is the documentation of this quality control. Consumer product formulation requires skill and experience to formulate the final product.

Normal microbiota changes during pregnancy including increases in oral presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Candida, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria in gastrointestinal tract.  Probiotic consumption of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis in pregnant women with metabolic disorder decreased fasting blood glucose, improved glucose tolerance, and decreased the frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus. Probiotics able to enhance the immunosuppressive environment of the uterus either through direct colonization of the placenta and amniotic fluid, or by a peripheral interaction.

Maternally administered probiotics may impact the health of a newborn by altering the bacteria that initially colonize the developing infant. Maternal probiotics thus have the potential to influence neonatal immune development as the initial development of the immune system is dependent on the gut microbiota

Prebiotics are food component that stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut, they are living bacteria that pass through the upper gastrointestinal tract and colonize the colon. Some studies showed that many commercial probiotic products are ineffective as they do not survive in the process of Food processing, storage and passage through the GIT. So, effective strategies are needed to improve the stability of probiotics in food and their passage through GIT.

Microencapsulation has been an effective approach that protects probiotics from degradation. Effective microencapsulation system maintains the stability of the probiotics during storage and protects them from unfavorable condition of GIT.

Microencapsulation technique include

• Simple microgels

• Core shell microgels

• Bioploymer complex microgels

• Gastric resistant microgels

• Nutrient doped microgels

Coating technologies can also use to improve the viability of probiotics in food products and GIT. In this probiotics are coated with a layer of material. Coating technologies are suitable for increasing mucoadhesion of probiotics. Strong mucoadhesion enables probiotics to adhere to the intestinal mucosa after their release in the colon.

There are many probiotic rich foods are present naturally which provides benefit to the body. Probiotic are healthy bacteria that help in detoxification, defend the line of intestine, increase bioavailability of nutrients and protect against infectious microorganisms.  Most common probiotic foods include

• Yogurt
• Kefir
• Sauerkraut
• Kimchi
• Tempeh

From the past several decades the research into the field increased tremendously.Genetic characterization and modification of strains, state-of-the-art in vitro, in vivo, and in silico techniques are driving probiotic and prebiotic research to uncover the effects of probiotics and prebiotics on their targets, and methods to identify main molecules that mediate host benefits. Young scientist need to acquire scientific data and tools and network eachother to perform experiments and new researches in the field.

Prebiotics play an important role in human health. Prebiotics feed the intestinal microbiota and their degradation products are short chain fatty acids released into the blood circulation.

• Chicory root have high inulin helps in digestion and provides antioxidant properties.
• Garlic promotes growth of gut bacteria.
• Bananas are beneficial and provide natural fiber.
• Barley is an immune boosting, antioxidant and prebiotic fiber source.

Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preference for an active and healthy life. The process of food fermentation plays a crucial role in providing food security, enhancing livelihoods and improving the nutrition and social well being of millions of people around the world, particularly the marginalized and vulnerable.

Advantages of probiotic include

• Diminishing undesirable elements of raw product.
• Improving food digestibility and nutrient availability
• Enrichment of food with vitamins and ammino acids.

Probiotic and prebiotic is a hot topic in pediatrics research. According to various studies human milk enhances the development of bifidogenic microbiome in infants. The use of probiotics among very low-birth-weight infants is constantly increasing, as it is believed that probiotics help in reducing the incidence of severe diseases, such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and late-onset sepsis and improve feeding tolerance.

Fermented foods are produced through controlled microbial growth and conversion of food components through enzymatic action. There is a surge in demand of such food products due to their health benefits. Some fermented foods include

• Kefir

• Sauerkraut

• Tempeh

• Kimchi                

 A synbiotic is described as a "mixture of probiotics and prebiotics that improves the survival and activity of beneficial microorganisms in the gut by beneficially affecting the host."  Synbiotics are those products in which the prebiotic compound selectively favours the synthesis and metabolite formation of probiotics

The human gut harbors trillions of microbes this microbial ecosystem plays a crucial role in human physiology and health. Resilience is the property of an ecosystem to resist changes under stress or to quickly and fully recover from the perturbations. Many studies have shown that dietary fibers impact the composition and function of the microbiota.

Increased dietary fiber intake increases the diversity of the human gut microbiota and diversity may be a positive contributor to resilience.

Aquaculture is the world’s fastest-growing sector. Initially, probiotics were used for disease control, now they are used for improving fish growth and reproduction. Probiotics acts as a nutrient source provide enzymes for better digestion and increase the immune response against pathogenic bacteria. In this adequate amount of microbes are fed to the organism to modify the gut microflora which replaces harmful microbes with beneficial ones. By populating the gut, these exogenous microorganisms rival microbes, preventing their attachment to the intestinal wall, restricted admittance to supplements, and discharging antibacterial substances, for example, bacteriocins and natural acids. Regarding advancing development, the expansion of amicable microorganisms increases stomach-related chemicals, like proteases, amylases, and lipases, in the gut promoting improved digestion and supplement usage.

The human probiotics market size is anticipated to surpass USD 5 billion by 2024 owing to its increasing demand. Probiotics are used to treat Urinary tract infections, diabetes, diarrhea, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis in women. Several in vitro and in vivo studies support the beneficial effect of some strains of lactobacilli on the restoration of the vaginal flora and the prevention of recurrent UTIs.

The common probiotic strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera administered in different forms (lozenge, tablets, powders, gums) beverages(milk, yogurts, juices), foods(cheese, kefir, ice cream) The use of these products with probiotics demonstrated good results as an auxiliary method on the prevention and treatment of oral dysbiosis due to their direct and indirect effects against the pathogenic oral microorganisms growth and immunomodulation.